History and Literature


History of Research
Rhizodonts remains were first illustrated and described scientifically in 1793 by the Reverend David Ure in his History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride. Ure (who studied all aspects of natural history) was active towards the end of the Scottish Enlightenment, and took a particular interest in fossils, and what they implied about the age of the earth:

"These remains of the ancient ocean become highly interesting, when we consider them as furnishing us with an undeniable proof, that the earth, in some remote period, underwent a very great change. It is certain that these bodies are not lapides sui generis [stones in their own right], produced from the semina of shell-fish, &c. carried out of the sea and afterwards falling down in rain, were deposited in the earth, where they arrived in the state we now find them. This was the belief of some naturalists of no small note. It is evident, on the slightest attention, that these bodies possessed organisation and life, in the same manner that shell-fish and other marine productions do at present. It is almost certain, that most of them lived and died in the places where now found; and that these places were once covered with sea. From this view of them some plausible theories of the earth have been formed; a multiplicity of arguments drawn to illustrate the causes by which the great revolutions of the Earth were brought about. Facts, however, are daily occurring which stand in opposition to most of these theories, and show them to have been too hastily made. The more enquiries, unbiased by theories, we make, and the greater number of facts that are undisguisedly related, the more able, surely will mankind be to discover the phenomena by which the globe of the earth was thrown into its present state."
Ure's Drawings - Click for larger image David Ure's Drawings

They were first studied properly in the 1830's with the rise in interest in geology and palaeontology. Edinburgh was ideally situated - its university had a strong bias towards the sciences and the College Museum (now the Royal Museum of Scotland in Chambers Street) had a fine collection of exhibits for teaching. Around its outskirts there were hundreds of rock exposures, quarries and mines, allowing palaeontologists to collect valuable fossils on day-trips rather than difficult expeditions. Early workers on rhizodonts included many of the greatest palaeontologists of their age: Albany Hancock (founder of the Hancock Museum, Newcastle), Professor Frederick M'Coy (Edinburgh College Museum), Sir Richard Owen (Paleontologist Royal to Queen Victoria), Rev. Adam Sedgwick (Curator of the Museum of Geology at Cambridge), Professor J.S. Newberry (US Geological Survey), Professor James Hall (Albany Institute, NY), Professor Louis Agassiz (founder of the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Harvard), A.S. Woodward (British Museum (Natural History)), Professor R.H. Traquair (Royal Museum of Scotland) and Professor T.H. Huxley.


Literature
This page lists papers and articles which refer to rhizodonts, or which are relevant to the study of rhizodonts.

Use the links to access the papers alphabetically:

Agassiz, J.L.R., 1833-43 [1844], Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles (5 volumes, Text + Atlas), Neuchatel (aux frais de l’auteur), Imprimerie de Petitpierre, Lithographie de H. Nicolet.

Agassiz, J.L.R., 1835 [1834], On the Fossil Fishes of Scotland. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Reports from the Sections), 1834 (4), p646-649.

Agassiz, J.L.R., 1843 [1842], Report on the Fossil Fishes of the Devonian System or Old Red Sandstone. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Reports from the Sections), 1843 (13), p80-88.

Ahlberg, P.E., 1989a, The morphology and phylogeny of porolepiform fishes, with special reference to Glyptolepis, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge.

Ahlberg, P.E., 1989b, Paired fin skeletons and relationships of the fossil group Porolepiformes (Osteichthyes: Sarcopterygii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 96, p119-166.

Ahlberg, P.E., 1991, A re-examination of sarcopterygian interrelationships, with special reference to the Porolepiformes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, p241-287.

Anderson, E.M. & Wilson, G.V., 1925, The Economic Geology of the Ayrshire Coalfields; Area II, Kilmarnock Basin including Stevenston, Kilwinning, and Irvine. Geological Survey, Scotland, HMSO, Edinburgh.

Anderson, J., 1859, Dura Den; A monograph of the Yellow Sandstone and its remarkable fossil remains. Thomas Constable & Co., Edinburgh.

Anderton, R., 1985, Sedimentology of the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 76, p7-12.

Andrews, S.M., 1972, The shoulder girdle of ‘Eogyrinusin Joysey, K.A. & Kemp, T.S. (eds.), Studies in Vertebrate Evolution, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, p35-48.

Andrews, S.M., 1973, Interrelationships of crossopterygians in Greenwood, P.H., Miles, R.S. & Patterson, C. (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes, Supplement No 1. to the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 53, p138-177.

Andrews, S.M., 1982, The Discovery of Fossil Fishes in Scotland up to 1845 with Checklists of Agassiz’s Figured Specimens. Royal Scottish Museum Press, Edinburgh.

Andrews, S.M., 1985, Rhizodont crossopterygian fish from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland, with a re-evaluation of this group. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 76, p67-95.

Andrews, S.M., Browne, M.A.E., Panchen, A.L. & Wood, S.P., 1977, Discovery of amphibians in the Namurian (Upper Carboniferous) of Fife. Nature, 265, p529-532.

Andrews, S.M. & Westoll, T.S., 1970a, The postcranial skeleton of Eusthenopteron foordi Whiteaves. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 68 (9), p207-329.

Andrews, S.M. & Westoll, T.S., 1970b, The postcranial skeleton of rhipidistian fishes excluding Eusthenopteron. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 68 (12), p391-489.

Anon, 1834a, Proceedings of the British Association at Edinburgh in September 1834. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 17, p369-453.

Anon, 1834b, Proceedings of the Wernerian Society. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 16, p196.

Anon, 1835, Work of Agassiz on Fossil Fishes. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 19, p331-346.

Anon, 1838, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, for the years 1831-1837 (Volume 7, Part 3; History of the Society). Adam & Charles Black, Edinburgh.

Anon, 1869, The Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club. Scientific Opinion, 2, p341.

Armour, A., 1867 [1865], "Mr. Andrew Armour exhibited-." Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow, 2, p69.

Baird, D., 1978, Studies on Carboniferous Freshwater Fishes. American Museum Novitates, 1641, p1-22.

Ball, H.W., Dineley, D.L. & White, E.I., 1961, The Old Red Sandstone of Brown Clee Hill and the adjacent area. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Geology), 5 (7), p175-310.

Bardock, D., 1979 [1978], Fishes of the Mazon Creek fauna in Nitecki, M.H. (ed.), Mazon Creek Fossils, Academic Press, N.Y., USA, p501-528.

Barkas, T.P., 1869a, Strepsodus. Scientific Opinion, 1, p556.

Barkas, T.P., 1869b, Jaw of Strepsodus. Scientific Opinion, 2, p13.

Barkas, T.P., 1869c, British Coal-Fossils. Scientific Opinion, 2, p24-25.

Barkas, T.P., 1869d, Jaws with Tipped Teeth. Scientific Opinion, 2, p192-193.

Barkas, T.P., 1869e, The Supposed Mammal Jaw. Scientific Opinion, 2, p197.

Barkas, T.P., 1869f, The Palaeontological Controversy. Scientific Opinion, 2, p234.

Barkas, T.P., 1869g, Mr Atthey v Mr Barkas. Scientific Opinion, 2, p337.

Barkas, T.P., 1869h, Mr Atthey v Mr Barkas. Scientific Opinion, 2, p377-378.

Barkas, T.P., 1870a, What about the Mammalian Jaw? Scientific Opinion, 3, p150-151.

Barkas, T.P., 1870b, British and American Coal-Measures Fishes and Reptiles. Scientific Opinion, 3, p250.

Barkas, T.P., 1870c, Amphisaurus, Strepsodus, Ctenodus &c. Scientific Opinion, 3, p369.

Barkas, T.P., 1870d, New, rare, and obscure fossils from the Northumberland Coal-measures. Scientific Opinion, 3, p400-402.

Barkas, T.P., 1870e, An unknown Coal-Measure fossil. English Mechanic and Mirror of Science, 11, p612.

Barkas, T.P., 1873, Illustrated Guide to the Fish, Amphibian, Reptilian, and supposed Mammalian remains of the Northumberland Carboniferous Strata. W.M. Hutchings, London.

Barkas, W.J., 1874-77, On the microscopical structure of fossil teeth from the Northumberland Coal Measures. Monthly Review of Dental Surgery, 2 (Chp I, p297-300; Chp II, p344-349; Chp III, p386-393; Chp IV, p438-445; Chp V, p482-488; Chp VI, p533-539), 3 (Chp VII, p4-11; Chp VIII, p56-61; Chp IX, p99-105; Chp X, p151-155; Chp XI, p200-205; Chp XII, p248-256; Chp XIII, p358-364; Chp XIV, p402-408; Chp XV, p500-503), 4 (Chp XVI, p59-62; Chp XVII [listed as Chp XVI], p197-201; Chp XVIII, p251-256; Chp XIX, p393-398; Chp XX, p433-439; Chp XXI, p481-484; Chp XXII [listed as Chp XXI], p529-534), 5 (Chp XXIII, p7-12). [Note Chapters not listed until Chp XI].

Berg, L.S., 1940, A classification of fishes, both living and fossil. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademia Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 5, p346-517 [English translation in NHM Erroll White Laboratory Reference Collection].

Berg, L.S., 1955, Systema ryboobranznyk i ryb, nyne zhivynstchich i iskopayemych [Classification of fishes and fishlike vertebrates (revised and expanded)]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademia Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 20, p1-286 [in Russian].

Binney, E.W., 1841, On the Fossil Fishes of the Pendleton Coal Field. Transactions of the Manchester Geological Society, 1, p153-178.

Blieck, A., Candilier, A-M., Cloutier, R., Derycke, C. & Lelièvre, 1995, Palaeozoic vertebrates of Northern France and Belgium (Uppermost Silurian to Carboniferous) in Blieck, A (ed.), VIIIth International meeting on early vertebrates/lower vertebrates (Paris - Lille, September 4-15, 1995), Guidebook for IGCP 328/SDS joint field trip, Boulonnais (France) - Ardenne (Belgium), September 9-15, 1995. Private publication.

Bolton, H., 1896, The animal life of the Lancashire Coal Measures. Manchester Microscopical Society, Transactions and Annual Report, 1895, p123-135.

Boyd, MJ., 1984, The Upper Carboniferous Tetrapod Assemblage from Newsham, Northumberland. Palaeontology, 27, p367-392.

Boyd, MJ., 1985, A Protorothyridid Captorhinomorph (Reptilia) from the Upper Carboniferous of Newsham, Northumberland. Palaeontology, 28, p393-399.

Broom, R., 1913, On the origin of the Cheiropterygium. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 22, p459-464.

Brown, W.H., 1890, Dates of publication of ‘Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles,’ Par L. Agassiz with a note on Owen’s ‘Odontography.’ in Woodward A.S. & Sherborn, C.D, Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata. Dulau & Co., London.

Buckland, W., 1837, Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology (2 volumes, Text + Atlas). William Pickering, London.

Camp, C.L. & Allison, H.J., 1961, Bibliography of fossil vertebrates 1949 - 1953. Memoirs of the Geological Society of America, 84, p1-53.

Carroll, R.L., 1988, Vertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution, W.H. Freeman & Co., New York.

Chabakov [Khabakov], A.W., 1927, On the remains of the crossopterygians of the Carboniferous of Russia. Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Komiteta [Bulletins of the Geological Committee], 46 (4), p299-309 [English translation by O.A. Lebedev & J.E. Jeffery, 1996].

Chang, M.-M. & Yu, X.-B., 1981, A new crossopterygian, Youngolepis praecursor, gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Devonian of Eastern Yunnan, China. Scientia Sinica, 24, p89-97.

Chang, M.-M. & Yu, X.-B., 1981, A new crossopterygian, Youngolepis praecursor, gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Devonian of Eastern Yunnan, China. Scientia Sinica, 24, p89-97.

Clarkson, E.N.K., 1985, Palaeoecology of the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 76, p97-100.

Clarkson, E.N.K., Milner, A.R. & Coates, M.I., 1994 [1993], Palaeoecology of the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 84, p417-425.

Cloutier, R. & Ahlberg, P.E., 1995, Sarcopterygian interrelationships: how far are we from a phylogenetic consensus? Geobios, Manuscrit Spécial 19, p241-248.

Cloutier, R. & Ahlberg, P.E., 1996, Morphology, characters, and the interrelationships of basal sarcopterygians in Stiassny, M.L.J., Parenti, L.R. & Johnson, G.D. (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes, Academic Press, London, p445-479.

Cloutier, R. & Candilier, A-M., 1995, Palaeozoic vertebrates of Northern France and Belgium: Part III - Sarcopterygii (Devonian to Carboniferous). Geobios, Manuscrit Spécial 19, p335-341.

Cope, E.D., 1872, Observations on the Systematic Relationships of the Fishes (Abstract). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9 (4th Series), p155-168.

Cope, E.D., 1875, Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia from the Coal Measures. Reports of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 2 (pt 2), p349-411.

Cope, E.D., 1889, Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata. American Naturalist, 23, p849-877.

Cope, E.D., 1897, On new Paleozoic Vertebrata from Illinois, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 36, p71-91.

Cruickshank, A.R.I., 1968, Tooth structure in Rhizodus hibberti Ag., a rhipidistian fish. Palaeontologica Africana, 11, p3-13.

Daeschler, E.B. & Shubin, N., 1998, Fish with fingers? Nature, 391, p133.

Daeschler, E.B., Shubin, N.H., Thomson, K.S. & Amaral, W.W., 1994, A Devonian Tetrapod from North America. Science, 391, p133.

Davis, J.W., 1891, On the discovery of a new species of Fossil Fish (Strepsodus brockbanki) in the Upper Coal Measures Limestone of Levenshulme, No. 6 Group, from the Railway Cutting at Levenshulme, near Manchester. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society, 4 (4th series), p427-429.

Dawson, J.W., 1868, The Geological Structure, Organic Remains, and Mineral Resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island [‘Acadian Geology’]. MacMillan & Co., London.

Dawson, W.R., 1946, The Huxley papers; A descriptive catalogue of the correspondence, manuscripts and miscellaneous papers of The Rt. Hon. Thomas Henry Huxley, P.C., D.C.L., F.R.S., preserved in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Macmillan & Co., London.

Derycke, C., Brice, D., Blieck, A. & Mouravieff, N., 1995, Upper Givetian and Frasnian ichthyoliths from Bas-Boulonnais (Pas-de-Calais, France): preliminary record. In Arsenault, M., Lelièvre, H. & Janvier, P. (eds.), 7th International Symposium on Studies of Early Vertebrates (Parc de Miguasha, Québec, June 1991). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e série 17 (1-4), p489-513.

Eastman, C.R., 1917, Fossil fishes in the collections of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 52, No 2177, p235-304.

Egerton, P.M.G., Huxley, T.H. & Molyneux, W., 1866 [1865], Report of the Committee on the Distribution of the Vertebrate Remains from the North Staffordshire Coal Field. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1865 (35), p42-51.

Ethelwynn, T., White, E.I., Marshall, N.B. & Tucker, D.W., 1955, Herpetichthyes, Amphibiodei, Choanichthyes or Sarcopterygii? [reply to Romer, 1955]. Nature, 176, p126-127.

Etheridge, R., 1888, Fossils of the British Islands stratigraphically and zoologically arranged, Volume 1; Palaeozoic, comprising the Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Species. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Finney, S.M. & Finney, J., 1996, Palaeogags from the Carboniferous - an analysis in context; Part 3. Namurian aquatic humour. UCMZ Press, Cambridge, p235-983.

Flemming, J., 1835, Notice of the Remains of a Fish found connected with a Bed of Coal at Clackmannan. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 19, p314-316.

Flemming, J., 1859, The Lithology of Edinburgh. W.P. Kennedy, Edinburgh.

Forir, H., 1896 [1895], Quelques rectifications et additions aux listes de fossiles des terrains paléozoïques de Belgique. Annales de la Société Geologique de Belgique, 23, p34-36.

Garner, R., 1844, The Natural History of the County of Stafford; Comprising its Geology, Zoology, Botany, and Meteorology: Also its Antiquities, Topography, Manufactures, etc. J. Van Voorst, London.

Goodrich, E.S., 1930, Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates. Macmillan, London.

Graham-Smith, W. see Smith, W. Graham-.

Grant, R.E., 1834, On a fossil tooth in a Red Sandstone above the Coal Formation in Berwickshire. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 16, p38-43.

Greenock, Lord, 1835, On the Coal-fields of Scotland. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Reports from the Sections), 1834 (4), p639-642.

Greenock, Lord, 1838, On silicification of organic bodies: with a notice of the discovery of fossil teeth in the red sandstone of Paxton, in Berwickshire. [Title only, read in 1833] Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 7, p464.

Gregory, W.K. in Hussakof, L., 1911, The limbs of Eryops and the origin of paired limbs from fins. Science (New Series), 33, p508-509.

Gregory, W.K., 1915, Present status of the problem of the origin of the Tetrapoda, with special reference to the skull and paired limbs. Annals, New York Academy of Sciences, 26, p317-383.

Gregory, W.K., 1935, Further observations on the pectoral girdle and fin of Sauripterus [sic] taylori Hall, a crossopterygian fish from the Upper Devonian of Pennsylvania, with special reference to the origin of the pentadactylate extremities of Tetrapoda. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 75, p673-690.

Gregory, W.K., 1949, The humerus from fish to man. American Museum Novitates, 1400, p1-54.

Gregory, W.K., 1951, Evolution emerging. Macmillan, New York.

Gregory, W.K., Miner, R.W. & Noble, G.K., 1923, The carpus of Eryops and the structure of the primitive chiropterygium. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 48, p279-288.

Gregory, W.K. & Raven, H.C., 1941, Studies on the origin and early evolution of paired fins and limbs. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 42, p273-360.

Grey, J., The Life of the Rev. David Ure. Edinburgh, 1865.

Grossart, W., 1869 [1868], On the Upper Coal Measures of Lanarkshire. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow, 3, p96-113.

Hall, J., 1840, Fourth Annual Report of the Survey of the Fourth Geological District. Assembly Document, Albany Institute, 50, p389-480.

Hall, J., 1843, Natural History of New York; Geology of New-York, Part IV. comprising the Survey of the Fourth Geological District. Carroll & Cook, Albany, USA.

Hancock, A. & Atthey, T., 1868, Notes on the Remains of some Reptiles and Fishes from the Shales of the Northumberland Coal-field. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1 (4th Series), p266-278, 356-378.

Hancock, A. & Atthey, T., 1870a, Notes on the Remains of some Reptiles and Fishes from the Shales of the Northumberland Coal Field. Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham, 3, p66-110.

Hancock, A. & Atthey, T., 1870b, Note on an undescribed Fossil Fish from the Newsham Coal-shale near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5 (4th Series), p266-268.

Hancock, A. & Atthey, T., 1870c, On the Occurrence of Loxoma Allmanni, in the Northumberland Coal-field. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5 (4th Series), p374-379.

Hancock, A. & Atthey, T., 1871a, Note on an undescribed Fossil Fish from the Newsham Coal-shale near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, 4, p199-201.

Hancock, A. & Atthey, T., 1871b, Description of a considerable portion of a Mandibular Ramus of Anthracosaurus Russelli; with Notes on Loxoma and Archichthys. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7 (4th Series), p73-83.

Hancock, A. & Atthey, T., 1871c, Description of a considerable portion of a Mandibular Ramus of Anthracosaurus Russelli; with Notes on Loxoma and Archichthys. Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, 4, p385-397.

Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox A.V., Craig, L.E., Smith, A.G. & Smith, D.G., 1989, A Geologic Time Scale, 1989, CUP, Cambridge.

Hay, O.P., 1900, Descriptions of some vertebrates of the Carboniferous Age. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 39, p96-115.

Henricksen, I.G.C., 1970, A catalogue of Fossil Vertebrates in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, Part 1/Actinopterygii. Geology 1, Royal Scottish Museum Information Series, Edinburgh.

Henricksen, I.G.C., 1972, A catalogue of Fossil Vertebrates in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, Part 3/Actinistia and Dipnoi. Geology 3, Royal Scottish Museum Information Series, Edinburgh.

Henslow, G., 1869, Mr Barkas v Mr Atthey. Scientific Opinion, 2, p291.

Hibbert, S., 1833a, Communication relative to the Fresh-Water Limestone of Burdiehouse, near Edinburgh, belonging to the Carboniferous Group of Rocks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1 (3), p33-35.

Hibbert, S., 1833b, Discovery of Fossil Fish, the Tooth of a Saurian Reptile, and Other Remains in the Limestone of Burdiehouse near Edinburgh. The Scotsman, 1452 (7th December 1833), p4 Column 1.

Hibbert, S., 1833c, Notice of further Discoveries at Burdiehouse. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1 (3), p38.

Hibbert, S., 1834a, Additional Particulars relative to the Saurian Remains found in the Burdiehouse Limestone. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 16, p192-194.

Hibbert, S., 1834b, Notice of further discoveries at Burdiehouse. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 17, p196.

Hibbert, S., 1834c, Additional notice relative to the Freshwater Limestone in the vicinity of Edinburgh, belonging to the Carboniferous Group of Rock. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1 (4), p50-53.

Hibbert, S., 1834d, Summary of the Discoveries hitherto made in the Ossiferous Beds of the Basins of the Forth and Clyde. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1 (4), p61-63.

Hibbert, S., 1834e, On the Fossil Fishes of the Limestone of Burdiehouse. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1 (5), p72-73.

Hibbert, S., 1835a [1834], On the ossiferous Beds contained in the Basins of the Forth, the Clyde, and the Tay. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Reports from the Sections), 1834 (4), p642-644.

Hibbert, S., 1835b [1836], Memoir on the fresh-water limestone of Burdiehouse, in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, belonging to the Carboniferous group of rocks; with supplementary notes on other fresh-water limestones. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 13, p169-282.

Horner, L., 1836, On the occurrence of Megalichthys hibberti in a bed of Cannel Coal in the west of Fifeshire; with Observations on the supposed Lacustrine Limestone of Burdiehouse. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1 (8), p112-113.

Hussakof, L., 1908, Catalogue of types and figured specimens of fossil vertebrates in the American Museum of Natural History; Part I - fishes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 25, p1-104.

Huxley, L., 1900, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. MacMillan & Co., London.

Huxley, T.H., 1861, Preliminary Essay upon the Systematic Arrangement of the Fishes of the Devonian Epoch. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom; Figures and Descriptions illustrative of British Organic Remains, Decade 10, Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts, London.

Huxley, T.H., 1862, Note respecting the Discovery of a new and large Labyrinthodont (Loxomma allmanni, Huxley) in the Gilmerton Ironstone. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 18, p291-296.

Huxley, T.H. & Etheridge, R., 1865, A Catalogue of the Collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, with an explanatory introduction. G.E. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode, London.

Jackson, J. Wilfred, 1952, Catalogue of Types and Figured Specimens in the Geological Department of the Manchester Museum, Manchester Museum Publication No. 6.

Jackson, T., 1869, Mr Barkas’s Palaeontology. Scientific Opinion, 2, p213.

Janvier, P., 1996, Early Vertebrates. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Janvier, P., Lethier, F., Monod, O. & Balkas, Ö., 1984, Discovery of a vertebrate fauna at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary in SE Turkey (Hakkari Province). Journal of Petroleum Geology, 7 (2), p147-168.

Jarvik, E., 1942, On the structure of the snout of crossopterygian and lower gnathostomes in general. Zoologiska Bidrag Uppsala, 21, p232-675.

Jarvik, E., 1972, Middle and Upper Devonian porolepiforms from East Greenland with special reference to Glyptolepis groenlandica N. sp. and a discussion on the head in the Porolepiformes. Meddelelser om Grønland, 187 (2), p1-307.

Jarvik, E., 1980, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates, Volume 1, Academic Press, London.

Jarvik, E., 1985, Devonian osteolepiform fishes from East Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, Geoscience, 13, p1-52.

Johanson, Z. & Ahlberg, P.E., 1998, A complete primitive rhizodont from Australia. Nature, 394, p569-573 and http://www.nature.com/Nature2/serve?SID=62900765&CAT=Archives&PG= SuppInfo/ahlberg/siindex.html

Johnson, G.A.L., 1980, Carboniferous Geography and Terrestrial Migration Routes in Panchen, A.L. (ed.), The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates. Systematics Association Special Volume, Number 15, Academic Press, London, p39-54.

Khabakov, A.W. see Chabakov A.W.

Kirkby, J.W. & Atthey, T., 1864, On some Fish Remains from the Durham and Northumberland Coal Measures. Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, 6, p231-235.

Lambe, L.M., 1905 [1904], The Progress of Vertebrate Palaeontology in Canada. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 10 (2nd series), p13-56.

Land, D.H., Claver, M.A. & Harrison, R.K., 1974, Geology of the Tynemouth district. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales), HMSO, London.

Lankester, E.R., 1884, Report on fragments of fossil fish from the Palaeozoic of Spitzbergen. Kongl Svenska Vtenskaps - Akademiens Handlingar, 20 (no 9).

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